【盛一包養網站洪】天命與平易近權——探尋中華文明的憲政框架之一

href=”https://sites.google.com/view/sugardaddy-coding”>Baocai.comIssue:In China, the destiny said that it can be traced back to ancient times, but it did not develop and mature in political practice until the Zhou Gong Age. Destiny can be used as simple expression by “The emperor and heaven have no virtue, but virtue is pure”, which means that no political group will naturally have politics in line with the laws and regulations, and only virtuous talents can inherit destiny. The so-called virtue is the understanding and understanding of the way of heaven. An empirical way to understand the way of heaven is to observe the approachable mind. However, based on direct observation experience, the civilized mind is not complete and equal. This requires the civilized elite to devote themselves to the clarity of the way of heaven, and thus form a civilization tradition within the political group. Specifically, this destiny says that the system is the principle and reality of the separation of ancestors or political gods. The modern oriental political system provides a way to directly judge the civilized and grant political power at the same time. It is also the main circle of political groups seeking complete politics in accordance with the law.

1. Destiny: Politics conform to the laws

The Shang Dynasty King was in a state of no way, and the common people were in a resentment, and the Western Zhou Dynasty emerged. Zuyi told King Shang, “Now I am unwilling to be silenced and said, ‘How can heaven not surrender?’” (“Now our ministers don’t want us to die earlier. They said, ‘Why doesn’t God surrender?What about punishment? ’” Wang Shishun translated, page 104) King Shang Chen actually replied, “Do I have my life in heaven? “(“Shang Book·Xibo Kanli”) We understand that later King Wu attacked the slaughter, and King Shang Bao burned himself on the deer platform.

The so-called “destiny of heaven” is to be used in the current words, “politics conform to the laws.” This concept appeared very early in China. During the reign of Shun, there were words such as “destiny of heaven is virtuous” and “destiny of heaven is guilty” (“Shang Book·Gao Yao Zuo”). “Shang Book·Tang YuSweetheart Baobabaobaobaobaobaobao.com“Records that when Shang Tang attacked Xia Jie, “There are many sins in Xia, and God will kill him.” “I fear God and dare not be unrighteous.” Since this is the earliest Chinese writing record to change the power of rule by violence, it must be accompanied by the “theory” that is dependent on this action. This is the “destiny” statement.

However, after the Shang tribe established the rule, they gradually forgot or deviated from the destiny. As the late Chinese civilization One of the ethnic groups, the Shang clan inherits the tradition of ancestors’ respect. This tradition is specifically expressed as an ancestor worship ceremony, which has both secular meanings and beyond meanings. From a spatial perspective, ancestor worship can be used to integrate a family-based society and have political effectiveness; from a time perspective, it can make a personal time vision transcend individual life. Treat individuals as a circle in the family blood chain, and constrain their current behavior. This can go beyond even the infinity to infinity, and thus have strong religious effectiveness (Shenghong, 2008).

As generations continue and time extend, ancestors became increasingly farther and farther away. It is also becoming more and more sacred. A commoner can treat his ancestors as gods, or even as the supreme god, that is, God. In the late Shang Dynasty, God was a natural god with no connection with people and the Shang family. However, after Wu Ding, the 22nd generation of Shang king, his son began to call him Emperor Ding during his tribute, and later The merchants linked the former kings with God along the way. The former kings were called “Emperor” (Zhao Ye, 2000, pages 46-48). God is the omniscient and powerful god, and in Chinese, it is “Heaven”. Since the political structure of the Shang Dynasty was based on the foundation of the family, the unity of the ancestors means the unity of the political gods, that is, the political leader is The supreme God is heaven. His “destiny” or “politics conform to law” is not obtained through all efforts, but is innate. It is precisely this tradition of tribute to the Shang clan that made the Shang king think that he is a descendant of the supreme God, and no matter how he acts, he has a destiny. Since he is God, the political leader will not If you make mistakes, your decisions and behaviors should not be doubted or restrained.

It can also be said that it was this kind of memorial civilization that unites the ancestor gods or unites the political gods that sent the rule of the merchants. The Shang Dynasty has gone downhill since Wu Ding, perhaps not a coincidence. This civilization made them think it was the basis.The person who is a natural ruler does not need to restrain himself, he does not need to care about the ruled, nor does he listen to the criticism and praise of people. This teaching was seen by the founders of the Zhou clan’s clan. Among the Zhou Gongshu reviews included in “The Book of Zhou”, the most important concern is whether the Zhou tribe can obtain the right to govern for the Shang tribe as appropriate for the “destiny”.

2. The transformation of Shang and Zhou dynasties

In the early days of the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, the heavens appeared, and the people of the Yin Dynasty wanted to rebel again. Zhou Gong commended all parties and told the marquis: “The sky was gone to King Ning, and I am excited about my small country Zhou. King Ning only used divine power and received the order of the emperor. Tomorrow, his appearance is easy to approach, and his obedience is also only Divination. Huh! The heaven is so daring, I will be so magnificent! ” (“God rewards King Wen, and we will be so excited. King Wen inherited the great destiny given by God through divination. Now God has ordered the ministers to help us, why do we have clear God’s meaning through divination? Alas! God’s clear opinion, people should be in awe, href=”https://twbabyhoney520.org/”>Bao Shengxiang.com or help me strengthen our rule! “) He said at the same time: “I always thought: God is only fortunate, but if I am not a man, how dare I not end my destruction?” (“I have been thinking for a long time that God is going to lose his life. For example, in order to make the crops grow, the grass in the fields must be completely removed from the loss. “”Zhou Book·Big”, Wang Shishun, page 148, page 152) He said this type of words, saying that Zhou Gong was still worried that the Zhou Dynasty’s politics was in line with the legal rules, and he was also reconsidering the reason for the demise of the Shang Dynasty.

It is obvious that Zhou Gong kept the teachings of the fall of the Shang Dynasty in his heart. In order to prevent the Zhou Dynasty from repeating the overturn, Zhou Gong carried out serious reforms. Because in the late Chinese civilization, “the great events of the country were in sacrifices and Rong”, the most important change of the Zhou Dynasty compared with the Shang Dynasty was now in the memorial system. This means not to worship ancestors as the highest god, namely God.

Some scholars noticed that in the “Yin Ben” of “Historical Records”, the ancestors of the Shang Dynasty were called “Emperor” after their own soup; in the “Zhou Ben”, the ancestors of the Zhou Dynasty were called “king” since their after their reign (Zhao Ye, 2000, pp. 48~4Female College Students’ Care Club9 pages). This shows that the Zhou people clearly divided their ancestors and political leaders from the “God” or “Heaven”. “Falling FilialBaoqing.com Recommendation” says, “There is no filial piety to be more serious than a serious father. The stern father is no more serious than a compassionate heaven, and the Duke of Zhou is the same person as the Duke of Zhou.. In the past, Duke Zhou worshipped Hou Ji to match the sky, and worshipped King Wen in Mingtang to match the heaven. Therefore, each of the four seas sacrifices with his or her duties. ” means that the greatest respect and honor for ancestors is to worship ancestors as a tribute when worshiping the heavens, rather than treating ancestors directly as heavens. The earliest person to do this was Zhou Gong, who sacrificed the two most meritorious kings of the Zhou clan, Hou Ji and Wen, to the heavens, and created the memorial tradition of the Zhou Dynasty, which was different from the Shang Dynasty.